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Kazakh–Dzungar War (1723–1730)

See also: Kazakh–Kalmyk War (1723–1726)
Kazakh–Dzungar War (1723–1730)
Part of the Kazakh–Dzungar Wars
Date1723–1730
Location
Irtysh, Karaganda Region, Chu, Talas, Fergana valley, Betpak-Dala, Karatau Mountains, Ulytau Mountains, Kazakhstan
Result Pyrrhic Kazakh victory[a][1]
Belligerents
Kazakh Khanate Dzungar Khanate
Commanders and leaders
Kazakh Khanate Abul Khair Khan
Kazakh Khanate Bolat Khan †[2]
Kazakh Khanate Sameke Khan
Kazakh Khanate Bogenbay Batyr		 Dzungar Khanate Tsewang Rabtan Khan
Dzungar Khanate Lobsangsür[b]
Dzungar Khanate Shono-Dov
Dzungar Khanate Lobsang Tseren
Casualties and losses
Catastrophic (civilian losses)[3][4]
Heavier (military losses)[1]		 Heavy[1]

The Kazakh–Dzungar War of 1723–1730 was the most significant conflict of the Kazakh–Dzungar Wars between the Kazakh Khanate and the invading Dzungar Khanate from 1723 to 1730.

This led a catastrophic civilian casualty among the Kazakhs, causing upon a forced displacement of the Kazakhs and indiscriminate attacks on civilians by the Dzungar army. The Kazakh Khanate were later able to defeat the Dzungars after two Ordabasy meetings in 1726 and 1728.

Background

See also: Dzungar–Qing Wars

After the events of Dzungar campaigns against the Kazakhs from 1708 to 1718, the Dzungar attacks on Kazakhs ceased as the Dzungars now had to focus against the Qing dynasty, as a war over Tibet had started.[5][6] The Dzungars were defeated by the Qing dynasty, allowing the Kazakhs to recapture their lost territories and sack the Dzungars by 1720.[7] However, after death of Kangxi Emperor, the Dzungar Khan, Tsewang Rabtan Khan mobilized all his forces to the Kazakh Khanate.[8] Amidst this, the Kazakhs faced a heavy winter, as they were preparing to migrate towards their pastures during the summer season and for various economic reasons. Soon the Dzungar commanders declared war upon the Kazakhs and started their invasion. As the Kazakhs did not expect the declaration of war.[9]

Course of the War

In 1723, the Dzungars started their invasion, led by Tsewang Rabtan Khan and commanders such as Lobsangsür[c] attacked the Middle Jüz on the Irtysh river and modern day Karagdanda Region,[10] whilst the Senior Jüz was attacked on Jetisu, Syr Darya, Chu River, Boroldai River, Chirchiq River and Talas River.[3] In during those events, a Kazakh militia attempted to confront the Dzungar army led by Lobsangsür on Sayram, however they were later defeated, as they lost another battle on Tashkent and Khara-Murut.[9] Another Dzungar army had captured the city of Turkistan, which killed Bolat Khan in the battle whilst Sameke Khan fled elsewhere. The Mother and the Wife of Abul Khair Khan was also captured.[11] Later the Dzungars had entered the Fergana Valley, as they captured cities of Andjian, Khujand[12] and as far to Samarkand.[13]

This directly caused the Barefooted Flight, or also known as the Years of Great Disasters, (Kazakh: «Ақтабан шұбырынды, Алқакөл сұлама») as it caused forced displacement of the Kazakh populations which expelled them to Khanate of Bukhara's cities, such as Samarkand and Bukhara.[3] To the Russian Empire, migrating from Syr Darya to the Emba River, Ural River and the Aral Sea.[4]

In 1724, the Dzungars launched a second attack on the Senior Jüz on the Chu River, as they captured or plundered Karatau, Suzakand forced the Kazakhs to flee to Betpak-Dala and Lake Balkhash, while others also fled to the Karatau Mountains.[14] Soon, Abul Khair Khan returned from his war against the Kalmyks and left to Turkistan. Abul Khair defeated Lobsangsür, which he fled to the Karatau Mountains.[15] However, in 1725, the Dzungars soon returned with reinforcements to Turkistan which they defeated Abul Khair's army and recaptured the city.

In 1726, a meeting of representatives from the Kazakh jüzes took place in Ordabasy near Turkistan, which decided to organize a militia under Abul Khair Khan, after the Kazakhs formed a peace treaty with the Kalmyks.[16] They mobilized to the Ulytau Mountains, as they fought against the Dzungar forces led by Shono-Dov.[1] The Kazakhs won the battle and named it the Kazakh: «Қалмақ қырылған», which means The place where Kalmaks perished.[17] Both sides took heavy casualties among their forces and later, the Kazakhs liberated Northwestern Jetisu in 1729, which Abul Khair Khan defeated the Dzungars again.[18]

Aftermath

See also: Russian conquest of Central Asia

Although the Kazakhs had defeated the Dzungar Khanate, the threat was not fully neutralized, with rising disunity among the Jüz and feared another invasion rising despite the victory on Añyraqai. In 1730, the Khan of the Junior jüz, Abul Khair Khan, had sent a letter to Anna of Russia, the Empress of Russian Empire to incorporate the Junior Jüz. Empress Anna of Russia would accept this request, and soon after a Russian convoy was sent to inform the jJüz. The convoy met with the Kazakhs on 10 October 1731, and officially incorporate the region into the Russian Empire.[19][20] Later the Empress declared that the Kazakhs are her subjects.[21] Later on December 15, 1731, Sameke Khan submitted to the Russian Empire, as the Middle Jüz was officially incorporated.[19]

Later, another conflict started between the Dzungars and the Kazakhs, as the Kazakhs led raids and repelled invasions by the Dzungars.[22] Meanwhile, the Dzungars attempted to subjugate the Middle Jüz but were able to invade Syr Darya and subjugate the Senior Jüz.[23]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Jambyl 2019, p. 50.
  2. ^ Jambyl 2019, p. 23.
  3. ^ a b c Adle 2003, pp. 98–99.
  4. ^ a b Moiseev 1991, p. 76.
  5. ^ Adle 2003, p. 98.
  6. ^ Moiseev 1991, p. 70.
  7. ^ Suleimenov & Moiseev 1988, p. 21.
  8. ^ Moiseev 1991, p. 71.
  9. ^ a b Moiseev 1991, p. 72.
  10. ^ Fuat 2018, p. 19.
  11. ^ Jambyl 2019, p. 19.
  12. ^ Suleimanov & Moiseev 1988, p. 21.
  13. ^ Unknown 1988, p. 265.
  14. ^ Tompiev & Maral 2015, p. 175.
  15. ^ Tompiev & Maral 2015, p. 210.
  16. ^ Unknown 2006, pp. 221–222.
  17. ^ Adle 2003, p. 100.
  18. ^ Yerofeeva 2007, p. 190.
  19. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 99.
  20. ^ Noda 2016, pp. 54–57.
  21. ^ Unknown 1961, pp. 40–41.
  22. ^ Kadyrbaev 2023, p. 134.
  23. ^ Moiseev 1991, pp. 107–108.

Notes

  1. ^ Although the Kazakhs won, they faced heavy casualties
  2. ^ Also known as Lobsangshono
  3. ^ Also known as Lobsangshono

Bibliography

Jambyl, Artykbaev (2019). АБЫЛАЙ ХАН (in Russian). Nur-Sultan: ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО ФОЛИАНТ. ISBN 978-601-338-293-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Suleimenov, Ramazan; Moiseev, Vladimir (1988). From the History of Kazakhstan in the 18th Century (on the External and Internal Policy of Ablai) (in Russian). Alma-Ata: Nauka; Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Moiseev, Vladimir (1991). The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries) (in Russian). Alma-Ata: Gylym; Institute of Uighur Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Erofeeva, Irina (2007). Khan Abulkhair: Commander, Ruler, Politician (in Russian). Almaty: Daik-Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia (5th ed.). UNESCO. ISBN 978-8120820463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Fuat, Dr. Vecihi Sefa (2018). 18. VE 19. YÜZYILLARDA KAZAK TÜRKLERİ RUS İŞGALİ VE ULUSAL BAĞIMSIZLIK MÜCADELESİ [“18th and 19th Centuries Kazakh Turks” “Russian Occupation and the National Independence Struggle”] (in Turkish). Dr. Vecihi Sefa Fuat HEKİMOĞLU. p. 126. ISBN 978-605-2149-53-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Unknown, Unknown (1988). История средней и центральной Азии в X-XIX веках, Ташкент, 1988 [History of Central and Middle Asia in the 10th-19th centuries, Tashkent, 1988] (in Russian). Tashkent: Unknown.

Tompiev, Maral; Uali, Murat (2015). Эпоха обретения границ [The era of gaining borders] (in Russian). Almaty. p. 210.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Unknown, Unknown (2006). Ordabasy Kurultai. Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedias. pp. 221–222.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Unknown (1961). Казахско-русские отношения в XVI–XVIII вв [Kazakh-Russian relations in the 16th–18th centuries] (in Russian). House of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.

Kadyrbaev, Alexander (2023). "On the History of Relations between the Volga Kalmyks and the Oirats of Dzungaria with the Nogais, Turkmens, and Kazakhs in the 17th–18th Centuries". Bulletin of Kalmyk University (in Russian). 3 (59): 6–16. doi:10.53315/1995-0713-2023-59-3-6-16.

Noda, Jin (2016). The Kazakh Khanates Between the Russian and Qing Empires. Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-31444-3.

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