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Kazakh–Dzungar War (1698–1703)

Kazakh–Dzungar War (1698–1703)
Part of the Kazakh–Dzungar Wars
Date1698–1703
Location
Chu River, Talas River, Syr Darya, Kazakhstan
Result

Dzungar victory[1]

Belligerents
Kazakh Khanate Dzungar Khanate
Commanders and leaders
Kazakh Khanate Tauke Khan
Kazakh Khanate Abul Khair Khan
Kazakh Khanate Kaip Khan		 Dzungar Khanate Tsewang Rabtan
Strength
Unknown 40,000[1][3]
Casualties and losses
Heavy[1][3] Unknown

The Kazakh–Dzungar War of 1698–1703 was a military conflict by the leader of the Dzungar Khanate, Tsewang Rabtan against the Kazakh Khanate, lasting from 1698 to 1703. This was the third part of the century long conflict, Kazakh–Dzungar Wars that spanned from 1635 until 1741.

Background

Main articles: Galdan Boshugtu Khan and Kazakh–Dzungar War (1681–1686)

During the Reign of Galdan Boshugtu Khan, he had invaded the Kazakh Khanate in 1681, capturing the following cities of: Sayram,[4] Andijan, Tashkent,[4] Samarkand, Bukhara[5] and annexed the region of Jetisu.[6] Galdan later left Kazakhstan and invaded the Khalkhas in 1687, in which the Khalkhas submitted to the Qing dynasty and later the Qing Emperor, Kangxi joined the war against the Dzungars. In 1696, Galdan was defeated in Battle of Jao Modo, which caused the death of his wife—Lady Anu—who attempted to save him but were killed during the battle.[7] Galdan retreated back to the Altai Mountains in 1697 and died en route, near the city of Khovd.

During those events, Tsewang Rabtan—the son of Sengge—had revolted against the authority of Galdan in 1689 and in 1697, he had ascended to the Dzungar throne as Khong Tayiji.[8] He later married the Kalmyk Khan, Ayuka's daughter and she was sent to Tsewang Rabtan.[9] However, her caravan was intercepted by the Kazakhs and while the Kazakh Khan, Tauke demanded for his son's return from Galdan's campaign, Tsewang agreed to release him and dispatched him from Lhasa with 500 guards. However they were later killed.[1] This soon started the conflict between the Kazakhs and Dzungars again.

Course of the Conflict

The Kazakhs had raided the Dzungar border, as they intercepted Russian merchants and raided the Uriankhai people.[1] The Dzungar forces of about 40,000 men launched a campaign against the Senior Jüz, which the Dzungars massacred the population on the Chu and Talas River and took about 10,000 prisoners of war.[1][3] They later defeated Tauke Khan and captured cities of Sayram, Tashkent and Turkistan.[10] In 1699, Dzungars led another campaign against the Kazakhs, which they later expelled a Kazakh force on the Chu and Talas interfluve to the Syr Darya.[2] Later in 1702, the Dzungars defeated forces of Abul Khair Khan and Kaip Khan, causing to let the war later ended in 1703, after Tauke and Kaip Khan sent a diplomatic ambassador to end the war, which was accepted.[11]

Aftermath

Main article: Kazakh–Dzungar War (1708–1718)

In 1708, a small detachment of Dzungars invaded the Senior Jüz, devastating the nearby areas and forcing the population to flee to Tashkent.[12] They soon launched another offensive in 1709, causing a meeting on Karakum desert, by the representatives of all jüzes and agreeing to let Bogembai batyr to lead the Kazakh army in which he move in order to repel them back to Dzungaria.[13] In 1710, the Senior and Middle Jüz started resisting against the Dzungars.[14] During 1711–1712, Bogenbai had successfully repelled the Dzungar detachment.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Kushkumbaev 2001, p. 124.
  2. ^ a b Massanov 2010, p. 229.
  3. ^ a b c Moiseev 1991, p. 62.
  4. ^ a b Adle 2023, p. 149.
  5. ^ Baabar 1999, p. 80.
  6. ^ Moiseev, V.A. Джунгаро-казахские отношения в XVII–XVIII веках и политика России [Dzungar-Kazakh relations in the 17th-18th centuries and Russian politics] (in Russian). V.A. Moiseev. p. 24.
  7. ^ Martha 2003, p. 110.
  8. ^ Adle 2003, pp. 149–150.
  9. ^ Adle 2003, p. 150.
  10. ^ Baabar 1999, p. 84.
  11. ^ Kushkumbaev 2001, p. 125.
  12. ^ Galiev, V. Z (2013). "Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века". Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века. 1: 23. ISSN 1814-6961. [Strengthening the struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian aggression at the beginning of the 18th century]
  13. ^ Moiseev, V.A.; Suleimanov, R. B. (1988). Из истории Казахстана XVIII века (о внешней и внутренней политике Аблая) [From the history of Kazakhstan in the 18th century (on the foreign and domestic policies of Ablai)] (in Russian). Almaty: Моисеев В.А. and Сулейменов Р.Б. p. 20. ISBN 5-628-00010-8.
  14. ^ Yerofeeva, I.V. (2007). Хан Абулхаир: полководец, правитель, политик [Khan Abulkhair: commander, ruler, politician.] (in Russian). Almaty: Daik press, I.V. Yerofeeva. p. 140. ISBN 9965-798-64-8.
  15. ^ Kushkumbaev 2001, p. 126.

Bibliography

Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia (5th ed.). UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar. p. 934. ISBN 978-8120820463.

Martha, Avery (2003). The Tea Road: China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe. 五洲传播出版社. p. 206. ISBN 7508503805.

Baabar (1999). History of Mongolia, from World Power to Soviet Satelite. White Horse Press, University of Cambridge, Baabar. p. 456. ISBN 978-99929-861-8-2. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)

Kushkumbaev, Aibolat (2001). The Military Affairs of the Kazakhs in the 17th–18th Centuries (in Russian). Almaty: Daik-Press. p. 182. ISBN 9965-441-44-8.

Massanov, N.E (22–23 April 2010). Роль номадов евразийских степей в развитии мирового военного искусства. Научные чтения памяти Н.Э. Масанова [The Role of Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Development of World Military Art: Scientific Readings in Commemoration of N. E. Massanov] (in Russian). Almaty: LEM, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference (published 2010). pp. 400+. ISBN 9965-23-301-2.

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